A Doll’s House Act commentary

Henries Ibsen, is a play that was considered so controversial when it was first published, In 1879, that the playwright was forced to create a second ending to be used when necessary. This was because of Ibsen unorthodox stance on the idea of the role of women In society at the time, and this concept became one of the mall themes of his play. Although this was one of the prevalent notions, other significant themes Include the unreliability of appearance and the notion of heredity.In act 1, Ibsen immediately portrays the protagonist's, Nora, status as a woman in the should. She is a symbol of the women of her era, who were believed to be content with Just the business of the home. She has been buying presents for Christmas, and is described as being, â€Å"busy opening some of the parcels†. Nora busies herself with small matters, hiding macaroons and organizing things. Although her husband, Dorval, labels Nora as â€Å"my little squirrel† and a variety of other animals i n a patronizing manner, Nora seems to act In the same as a woodland creature, continuously â€Å"scampering about†.Nora behaves Like a small child, hiding macaroons room her husband and spending excessive amounts of money; Dorval Is not entirely incorrect In his statement of, â€Å"has my little spendthrift been wasting money again†. Although Norm's character seems to exhibit some complexity on an emotional level, she lacks a deep relationship and understanding of life outside of the house and Dorval, suggesting things such as borrowing money and, later, not realizing that forgery is a crime. One of the main causes of this is Tortilla's treatment of and relationship with Nora.Helmet's mind-set is apparent in everything he says to Nora, as well as his degrading pet names, â€Å"lark†, â€Å"squirrel†, â€Å"songbird†, and his objectification of her. However, his diminutive nature towards Nora is more similar to that of a father than that of a loving husband. She Is entirely dependent on him for everything, be It food, shelter, or money. Tortilla's power dynamic in the relationship Is portrayed through the sentence structure and NC)-fluency features with the extract. He constantly breaks Into Norm's sentences and questions her In an accusing manner.In this way, Dorval treats her as if she is a helpless doll, aggravating and intensifying Norm's separation from her romanticizes perception of life and actual reality. Appearance and reality is a prominent theme within A Doll's House'. The audience is introduced to the play through the words, â€Å"hide the Christmas Tree carefully', implying that one of the focal concepts dealt in the play will be deceit. This notion is then further illustrated when she continuously lies to Dorval about such petty things as buying and eating macaroons.The idea of the Christmas tree being hidden until is changed and â€Å"dressed† presents a metaphoric parallel to Norm's character and develo pment throughout the play. She dresses and bejewels herself with falsehoods to show off to her husband and friends, whilst In reality she Is hiding a dangerous lie. She will not allow anyone to see the truth of the situation, when her lie is undressed. Depicted as a childish, fickle and silly woman, as the play progresses the audience is shown that she is a motivated, intelligent and strong-willed adult.Another chief and recurrent topic incorporated in ‘A Doll's House' is that of heredity, and we are introduced to this idea within the opening scene of Act One of the play; mirrored an odd little one. Exactly the way your father was†¦. It's deep in your blood. Yes, those things are hereditary, Nora†. The characters believe that heredity is the cause and reason to all faults that lie within each other, and Dorval attributes Norm's wanton attitude towards money to the similar approaches and mind-set of her father.In this manner, the characters avoid the responsibility o f their ill-suited traits y blaming their bloodlines. Anything negative in their physicality or mentality is not the result of their own actions, but the result of an incorrect and immoral heritage. This notion of Nora being a â€Å"spendthrift† being in her blood creates a parallel link later in the play, when Nora becomes convinced that her lie will negatively influence her children; they will inevitably become corrupt. In this way, the opening scene of Act One portrays the mentality of the characters that will continue throughout the majority of the play.Henries Ibsen ‘A Doll's House', was completely innovative and unconventional for the society of its era. The play tackled the idea that the culture of the time was not necessarily as Just or principled as it portrayed itself to be; that behind its respectable fade was an unequal and prejudiced system. Ibsen portrayed this concept through the prominent themes of the role of women within society and the household, what is appearance and what is reality, and the idea that all of our traits and faults are the result of our heritage.

Case study Professionalism in Teaching

IntroductionTo get down this study I would wish to explicate the importance of professional criterions. Harmonizing to the LLUK ( no day of the month ) the professional criterions have a intent. These criterions are for all pedagogues who work within the womb-to-tomb acquisition sector which describe the accomplishments, cognition and properties required for those who are in learning and developing functions.Professionalism in a instructor functionHarmonizing to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ( no day of the month ) instructor professionalism has relevant significance in instruction and that it affects the function of the instructor, which in return affects the pupil ‘s ability to larn efficaciously. Gipps et Al ( 2005 ) stated that It can be defined as the ability to make pupils in a meaningful manner, developing advanced attacks to mandated content while actuating, prosecuting, and animating immature grownup heads to fix for ever-advancing engineering. This definition nevertheless does non depict how a professional should move within their occupation or workplace. Harmonizing to learning expertness ( 2006 ) the post-compulsory instruction and preparation ( PCET ) sector is wide and diverse. Teachers, trainers and coachs who work within the FE sector have all had different experiences. Educators have frequently gained specialist cognition within a peculiar industry e.g. cordial reception and catering. An alternate path is through university and specializing this manner.Critically examines societies and your ain, values in relation to instruction or preparation. ( K1 )Valuess of professional pattern, harmonizing to Wallace ( 2009 ) †¦ , †Our values represent something internal to us – a portion at our ain moral and ethical counsel system. † I believe that learning and acquisition has a intent to educate scholars in the agencies to continue and come on a scholars future and career chances. I believe that a value is a value created on person ‘s ain behalf. The intent of instruction, I believe, is to educate and furthermore we need instruction in our day-to-day lives to last. The pedagogue has a function which is to back up and supply a service whilst at the same clip actuating scholars. Furthermore, it is of import to emphasize that there should be a connexion between the pedagogue and scholar and that there is a positive relationship between them. It is of import, as an pedagogue, to pass on efficaciously. In add-on, a profession and a professional work together in harmoniousness. It should be made clear that a professional individual needs values of professionalism. There may be some convergence in footings of how a professional should move or transport out a professional occupation. The remarks above tie in closely with what makes a ‘good instructor ‘ . From personal contemplations and ideas, three distinguishable facets came to my attending, which are: 1/ an effectual hearer towards the scholars and staff 2/ Bing respectful to co-workers and scholars 3/ to be understanding towards scholars and staffPoor instruction or hapless professionalism in instruction is as follows:1/ non allowing pupils finish undertakings – No reassurance of larning 2/ Impolite to staff and pupils 3/ Favoritism with pupils In drumhead, the values which are distinguishable and should be considered as acceptable values for learning professionals are being supportive, being a hearer and besides to esteem all staff and pupils within the establishment. Professional pattern can be determined with a set of values. These values are what pedagogues should be following with ongoing observation and brooding pattern. Harmonizing to LLUK ( no day of the month ) there is a set of criterions called the ‘New overarching professional criterions for instructors, coachs and trainers in the womb-to-tomb acquisition sector ‘ . Furthermore, the criterions categorised into sub-sections which have specific professional aims and act as guidelines. It is these aims which pedagogues must stay to throughout instructor pattern. Harmonizing to LLUK ( no day of the month ) there is a set of 7 professional values. An illustration would be, AS 1 all scholars, their advancement and development, their learning ends and aspirations and the experience they bring to their acquisition AS 2 Learning, it ‘s possible to profit people emotionally, intellectually, socially and economically, and its part to community sustainability As mentioned, each point has a value and aim. From merely detecting the set of values, intentionally constructed for pedagogues within the LLUK sector, they are powerful and strong. I believe there is a job with the values that pedagogues may non be able to stay to all of these due to several grounds. First, support, and that some institutes may endure to present consistent values. Second, some of the values will hold more demand than others. It can be argued that these values will change harmonizing to the institute. It can be suggested that some establishments would make up one's mind to maintain their dominant values. Additionally, the values set by the LLUK are and should be approached with underpinning cognition and apprehension and a professional pattern. For illustration, mentioning to LLUK ( No name ) , The cognition and apprehension: AK 1.1 What motivates scholars to larn and the importance of scholars ‘ experience and aspirations. Professional pattern: AP 1.1 Encourage the development and patterned advance of all scholars through recognising, valuing and reacting to single motive, experience and aspirations Darling-Hammond ( 1988 ) commented that the value of professionalism, in respects to pedagogues, is cardinal and way of excellence. The writer states that pedagogues need competency and that professionalism relates to three focal points which are readying, cognition of capable country, and defined teaching method. First, readying, prepares the professional for the schoolroom which examines the linguistic communication and cultural barriers. All pedagogues face hindrances in the schoolroom that must be broken down by individualized techniques. Darling-Hammond ( 1988 pg. 59 ) related this to province†¦ , â€Å" Decision devising by well-trained professionals allows single clients ‘ demands to be met more exactly andaˆÂ ¦promotes continual polish and betterment in overall pattern † It is to propose that values of professionalism are to be approached right. This will promote the pedagogue to be prepared for the schoolroom. Furthermore, the values of professionalism exist for a ground. They will profit the professional instructor in footings of motivation and promote pupil engagement. Alongside readying, a professional pedagogue with a strong cognition of his/her capable country will make chances to be originative around the topic taught. As a consequence, Lesson planning and resource readying clip will be less because the pedagogue will already understand the topic. This will cut down the clip researching stuff. It is deserving noticing that it would be an advantage to cognize a capable interior out and would reflect and portray assurance in his/her instruction. In add-on, the pedagogue should hold a wealth of experience which would profit his/her pattern and heighten their instruction. Harmonizing to Lunenburg and Ornstein ( 2000 ) , developing such expertness and cognition can take old ages to develop such cognition. As a consequence of this, I believe that changeless reading and information seeking is of import to learning a specializer topic. It would be good that an pedagogue has worked and gained adequate experience within the industry in order for them to learn or go specializers in their profession. I besides believe that this would better and develop chances when it comes to being originative. It is helpful to sketch the wider context within which FE pattern and values of the professional pedagogue. Notwithstanding, the coach groups in FE who were non antecedently included in the FE ( e.g. colleges 14-19 sheepskin ) , colleges have become ‘livelier topographic points ‘ . Lectors ‘ activities have now geared more to guaranting that pupils remain on classs and that pupils pass makings ‘ ( Hyland and Merrill 2003 P.g. 86 ) . To summarize, I would wish to notice that professional values assist the pedagogue and that they should be utilised at all times during his or her pattern. Guile and Lucas ( 1999 P.g. 204 ) suggested that elucidation in footings of depicting the FE pedagogue is needed. It is deserving proposing that society decides and determines professionalism and the values of professionalism within ground to how the pedagogue should be.Show a critical consciousness of the construct of professionalism as this relates to the current function of a instructor working in the PCET sector. ( K1, K2 )With respect to the construct of professionalism, Humphreys and Hyland ( 2002 P.g. 06 ) argued that, â€Å" †¦ the concentration on public presentation in learning and professional development is to be welcomed, provided that ‘performance ‘ is non defined in strictly technicist or instrumental footings†¦ † In other words, there is a intent for public presentation in learning which should non be confused or misinterpreted. The standards, the function and duties of a instructor rich person and are going more and more centralized. The questionable scenario/point to foreground here is that of the pedagogue and how they are to get the better of this challenge. Harmonizing to IFL, a Qualified Teacher Learning and Skills ( QTLS ) position is acknowledgment for freshly qualified instructors within PCET. This highlights the individuality of instructors in post-compulsory instruction and preparation. All new instructors need to accomplish a Level 3 learning making. Following this, new instructors have five old ages to accomplish a Level 5 learning making which leads to the QTLS position. The QTLS position is acknowledgment of the learning making in order to learn within the PCET sector. In working towards a new profession, the IFL raises the importance for go oning professional development ( CPD ) which ensures that pedagogues remain specializers in their chosen subject/s. Harmonizing to Millerson ( 1964 ) , there is struggle and treatment to how the instructor should transport out their professional function. This relates to the nature of professionalism. Millerson ( 1964 ) mentioned that professionalism concerned a batch of attending to sociologists in the fiftiess. The chief attack at the clip focused on set uping the characteristics that an business should hold in order to be termed a profession. Within context, this questioned how professions such as medical specialty and jurisprudence should be perceived. In contrast, Hanlon ( 1998 ) highlighted that there is research on professionalism. The writer stated that people see professionalism in a profession. The writer has highlighted the point that instruction is a profession and that the function of the instructor is professional.Critically evaluates a chosen facet of quality confidence in PCET and relates this to the construct of professionalism. ( K3 )To review quality confidence within PCET it would be appropriate to specify quality confidence. To summarize, quality confidence is a system which prevents a deficiency of professionalism and through regular control criterions and values can be maintained. This makes certain that the demands of the user/s are satisfied. The chief intent is to command appraisal and besides seeks to better public presentation. In add-on, quality confidence controls and helps to benchmark against bing qualitative and quantitative results/feedback. Professionalism and quality confidence are two complex countries which overlap and must work together. The two countries concerned are of high importance to the instructor, the class squad and the college/Institution. The quality confidence procedure is closely linked with being a professional instructor and that the professional values should take to help and ease a way. Bing a professional instructor requires uninterrupted professional development which is carried out by finishing research within the specializer topic, module and establishment. Harmonizing to the LLUK ( no day of the month ) , student feedback is valuable. There are two types of feedback, formal and informal attacks. It is critical that the PCET instructor considers regular equal observations which will assist to better learning accomplishments. Observations can assist to review learning styles/approaches within instruction. Through regular equal appraisal and observation, the PCET teacher/tutor must show effectual and appropriate organisational accomplishments which should be evidenced through lesson planning. Harmonizing to LLUK ( No Date ) , The section and staff should be measured utilizing a assortment of ways which should include and affect statistical informations such as attending records, classs, per centums, pupil profiles, pupil studies and lesson observations and more. This information can construe and assist to benchmark against information. This should help the control and appraisal of quality confidence as mentioned above. The establishment has a repute to continue and a quality position to accomplish through ends and action programs. It is portion of the PCET instructor to guarantee that changeless parts and attempts are made which are so measured through internal audits, college records, conference tabular arraies and every kid affairs policies. Last, external organic structures, as they help to model the quality together. It could be stated that they are the ‘back bone ‘ . External organic structures such as, LLUK or Ofsted Inspectors mean what must be done. It is an indispensable portion for counsel and that these external organic structures are to assist and better the PCET instructor, college/institution and section. Harmonizing to The University of Bath ( 2005 ) there would be a board and or a quality confidence commission who would be responsible for the staff learning. Internal and external testers are besides utilized to bring forth studies which help to measure and reexamine the instructor, section and institute. All parts of the quality confidence system within PCET are critical to the mix of an overall quality public presentation. The chosen facet for critical rating is observation. Reasoning for my determination is that there is plentifulness of research and information about the subject. Observations assist pedagogues and establishments in footings of acquisition and instruction. It should be made clear for what purpose the observation has and will this profit the instructor or the establishment or both. Bains ( 2006 ) highlighted two chief classs, formal and informal observations. These must be an agreed upon before it takes topographic point. Bains ( 2006 ) stated that Formal observations are those for Performance Management e.g. Ofsted. Informal observations are those used for professional development. These take portion of internal monitoring systems. Peer observations, for illustration, for informal feedback. The University of Sussex ( no day of the month ) highlighted the importance of equal observation of instruction and that this enhances the position of learning and acquisition and besides strengthens quality confidence processes. The University of Exeter ( 2005 ) explained peer observations to be an appraisal of instructors by instructors. Furthermore, couplings may be experienced by mentor/novice or experienced teacher. It could be argued that equal appraisal can instead measure on assorted degrees in footings of learning experience. It is besides questionable whether the observation standard assesses suitably against the ascertained instructor. The equal observation should assist the instructor to develop learning accomplishments by transporting out observations with co-workers. It should be highlighted that the chief aim is to supply chances for instructors to reflect on his or her instruction. The QAA ( 2000 ) stated that peer observation provides pedagogues with chances to larn from each other in a ‘non-threatening environment ‘ . This could propose that instructors would portion thoughts constructively to his or her professional benefit and within relation to professional values. In drumhead, it can be argued that equal appraisal is for the pedagogues benefit. It is problematic how establishments guarantee that pupils learn efficaciously and systematically at all times throughout their instruction. Peer observations are to better instruction pattern which can be seen as good to freshly qualified instructors. It can be commented that equal appraisal assists less experient instructors to better their instruction accomplishments. Pagani ( 2002 ) commented that pedagogues should hold the freedom to take equal assessor/observers. This attack could be argued as vague due to assorted concluding behind equity, equality and besides being critical. In understanding, Pagani ( 2002 ) stated that establishments should place an country of focal point for equal observation. In drumhead, peer observations are utile and appropriate. There is some convergence and a deficiency of decision to a concrete definition of observation. Furthermore, equal observations need to be carefully planned on the evidences of professionalism. I believe that peer observation should non be considered as an informal pattern. It would be just to notice that it is a formal in-house process which adopts formal guidelines. In understanding, Partington and Brown ( 1997 ) identified that equal reappraisal is an indispensable procedure for reexamining thoughts and identifies where errors could happen if action is non followed through carefully. It can be commented that this improves the quality of a product/service. The writers argued that it is an chance to knock and that it is an facet of constructing one ‘s assurance and instruction.Using relevant theoretical accounts of brooding pattern to critically analyze larning on the CourseThe class, for me, has been good and an gratifying experience. It is clip to reflect on my instruction pattern. There have been some hard phases which I have highlighted and times where betterment and action have been considered. Harmonizing to Brookfield ( 1988 ) critical thought is a procedure o n recent experience with a past experience and should make an country or subject for treatment. Brookfield ( 1988 ) mentioned that critical contemplation should include differences and or any relationships which can be highlighted. The purpose of critical contemplation is to develop critical thought accomplishments which will find specific and realistic results. On many occasions throughout the class I have reflected and it would be hard to reflect on the whole class due to such varied subjects and huge complexness of treatment. Hatton and Smith ( 1995 ) designed a critical contemplation theoretical account which identified a model for authorship and placing different sorts of contemplation. The theoretical account will be used to assist help with my critical brooding pattern. The model will besides find phases within my instruction pattern where I believe it is deserving discoursing. The first point of the theoretical account is descriptive and aims to make a starting point. To the attending of past contemplations and pattern it is a wise and an appropriate determination to reflect upon the micro-teach ( pttls ) . The micro-teach was carried out within the early phases of my instruction pattern. This was my starting point for learning and reflecting. The 2nd point will foreground descriptive contemplations which attempts to supply grounds based upon personal judgement. I realised that an active attack to my cordial reception pupils was required and that the VAKs schemes improved my lesson planning and clip direction. Gradually, as the class continued, lesson planning developed to go more structured and defined in footings of my purposes and aims. Throughout my brooding pattern, to my attending, a figure of pupils did non react to how my lessons were planned. Thinking about this, this was down to the degree of functional accomplishments applied to the degree delivered. To my attending, I needed to better my accomplishments on bringing. I needed to understand how I should use them suitably and efficaciously in lessons. The forth action point within the theoretical account must associate to a broader historical, societal and/or political context and what better than my experience and cognition gained throughout the independent survey of the course of study faculty. The survey helped to bring forth some valuable points on societal, political, economical and technological factors within context to my instruction pattern. Brookfield ( 2001 ) described critical contemplation to be a systematic attempt which identified and discovered stuff. Brookfield ( 2001 ) developed the four lenses theoretical account which helped to analyze and help instruction patterns. The four lenses are our ain experiences as scholars, pupils, co-workers, and reading the professional literature. These aid to uncover the premises behind those patterns and name them into inquiry. The theoretical account of contemplation will assist to analyze my instruction pattern within the points identified above. My micro-teach was an experience and made me experience nervous and discerning as I have ne'er taught before in my life. Due to my nervousnesss, I wanted to do certain that I was presenting correct and appropriate information. I researched around my chosen subject which reassured my instruction bringing. I besides found that this became utile when I was utilizing the inquiry and reply technique. I found that I was using learning techniques and schemes that I had learnt in the first few hebdomads of the class. Having applied these learning schemes they helped hike my assurance. The inquiry and reply technique was adopted to help my bringing. I believe that this engaged my scholars. I applied the VAKs schemes to assist all scholars. The pupils engaged good to my micro-teach and I now believe that I need to see an active acquisition attack as I teach hospitality pupils. I personally found that the micro-teach went smooth sing it was my first clip. Having now reflected, I think that more literature could hold been used to back up other scholars. To summarize, the micro-teach was surely ‘a stepping rock ‘ towards going a successful instructor within the PCET sector. I found this a leap forwards and was highly good earlier traveling to my arrangement. After Christmas I personally felt under a batch of force per unit area as I was roll uping my instruction hours every bit good as working towards my assignments. Most of my lesson contemplations identified that my instruction technique and manner was excessively relaxed. Some of my pupils started to misconduct and utilize this to their advantage in category. I realised, after many lessons and observations that I needed to present my lessons with an active attack which would so command and pull off my category. As a instructor trainee, I found that I was passing a batch of clip on my lesson programs. They were non seeking the best out of pupils. I revisited my attack and consulted my wise man who kindly assisted my lesson planning. I found that this helped enormously in authorship and structuring my lessons. I found myself researching around activities and being originative when it comes to learning. I researched and functional accomplishments which closely linked with my VAKs and as consequence, I finally found that pupils were larning efficaciously through their preferable methods of acquisition and my schoolroom direction accomplishments improved. About half manner through the class there were several issues sing my lesson planning. My wise man assisted me to better my purposes and aims. I needed to do certain that my purposes and aims were mensurable and considered way towards my schoolroom attack and pupil benefit. As a instructor trainee, I feel that lesson planning is something that can merely come in clip. In fact, I realised that I needed to do certain I can be after a lesson now to guarantee that I can present a lesson. My wise man and other co-workers supported me by allowing me look at their lesson programs. My wise man and I agreed that I would subject my lesson programs before bringing. This helped me to understand and or rethink my purposes and aims. My lessons improved by being realistic about the purposes and aims and, as a consequence, improved pupil acquisition and instruction accomplishments. The class has surely been a learning curve. One of the most ambitious studies was the curriculum assignment. I personally found that the study involved a batch of reading about political, economical, sociological and technological subjects. The course of study theoretical accounts were hard to understand so I tried to mention to them in a realistic context at my arrangement. My wise man was supportive and guided me through some of the course of study theoretical accounts. From past contemplations, I think that course of study theoretical accounts and understanding them are critical towards presenting specific classs such as the BTEC national sheepskin class. This is a class I was assisting to present. This helped me to understand how I should near my bringing.Make a critical remark on the value of brooding pattern in the development of professional instructors. ( K4, A2, A3 )It would be appropriate to explicate and specify contemplation before doing premises and critical remarks. Reflection is an mundane sense which assists and looks back on past experiences. Osterman and Kottkamp ( 1993 ) stated that critical contemplation is known as a vehicle. This is used by pedagogues to measure and analyze experiences within a schoolroom environment. Brookfield ( 1995 ) mentioned that critical reflective pattern is a procedure which is used to analyze experiences. For illustration, course of study development or theories. It can be stated that contemplation is a procedure which analyses a point or action. In add-on, critical analysis could be used to understand why a point or action is how it is. Within ground, critical contemplation will be used. As a metaphor, the brooding pattern could be the foundations of a house. The intent of contemplation is clear. Consequently, contemplation does non bespeak who, what, where, how and or why practicians should transport out contemplations and that it is left to the pedagogue. This leads on to the work of Brookfield ( 1995 ) and stated that critical contemplation can be broken into a figure of dimensions which address or at least suggest a path for reflecting. 1. Descriptive 2. Descriptive with some contemplation 3. Dialogic contemplation 4. Critical contemplation Brooding pattern, harmonizing to Brookfield ( 1995 ) , stated that practicians can develop self-awareness if they evaluate their performance/s on an ongoing footing. The writer stated that learning pattern can be improved by concentrating on the experiences and activities used. Within understanding, brooding pattern is meaningful and it improves accomplishments and cognition. It can be argued that clip and forbearance is an issue and non to bury how experient the practitioner/educator is. I mean that brooding pattern could turn out more meaningful for a trainee instructor than an experient instructor of over 10-20 old ages. There are many angles which could be argued and that brooding pattern improves over clip and non over dark. Hatton and Smith ( 1995 ) agreed that self-awareness is meaningful when we want to better instruction pattern. Assorted learning methods and accomplishments allow the professional to see alternate avenues. This would hold a positive impact on their instruction by increasing their degree of self-awareness. It can be argued that learning pattern and professionalism can merely be developed in clip. In add-on, personal experiences and the experiences of co-workers should make an environment that enhances pupil larning. This suggests that the experient practician is valuable and they should assist trainee instructors to better their instruction. As a consequence, the pupil, section and establishment benefits. Bruner ( 1990 ) highlighted that critical reflective pattern is an on-going procedure which enriches course of study. I would hold that pedagogues strive to be effectual and pupils want to be originative. This suggests that course of study should reflect both parties concerned. There seems to be contrast and convergence to writers ‘ sentiments on contemplation and being critical. It is to propose that all practicians have purposes and aims which determine enhance instruction patterns and pupils public presentations. Curriculum consciousness is highlighted and brooding pattern should take to accomplish and better the pedagogue in footings of the instruction pattern, pupil ‘s classs, the college conference boards and attending and repute. Bruner ( 1990 ) would urge that instructors engage in critical conversations with co-workers which would heighten and find educational doctrines, instructions, and duties to pupils ‘ growing. To summarize, it can be commented that a practician should reflect on their experiences. Brooding pattern would finally re-shape his or her teaching pattern. It should be expressed that contemplation is wise and is mandatory towards going and or accomplishing higher criterions of learning pattern for the practician, the pupils and the institute. In add-on, I believe that the professional teacher/educator should see and value pupils ‘ remarks. This would prosecute the pupils more and would help the practician to understand the pupils better. Brooding pattern develops professionals and enables us to larn from our ain experiences. Although, I would reason that more experience does non vouch improved acquisition. In add-on, I do n't believe that twenty old ages of instruction is 20 old ages of larning about learning. It may besides be the instance that one twelvemonth repeats over 20 times with no contemplations made. I would see this as hapless instruction. It is deserving noticing that contemplations are honorable and effectual which should, in clip, better learning accomplishments. From reading, it has drawn to my attending that extra research is required about critical reflective pattern.A reappraisal for appropriate chances within my personal professional development and to discourse my acquisition of accomplishments in relation to professional development. ( A1, A3 )ATL ( Association of Teachers and Lecturers ) ( 2009 ) mentioned that since September 2007, all pedagogues within the farther instruction and accomplishme nts sector in England came under new ordinances which revised learning makings. Continuous professional development ( CPD ) for all instructors are now required and is requested by the Institute for Learning ( IfL ) . To derive and make chances within PPD and CPD action will be considered. First of wholly, up to this day of the month, a reappraisal of my accomplishments will be summarised which will assist and help the development chances. As portion of the PPD and CPD, IFL rank is required in order to finish the CPD. Depending on a occupation after the class, full-time instructors should set about at least 30 hours of CPD per twelvemonth for professional development. CPD is a status of retaining the IFL rank and aims to better learning accomplishments. IFL made CPD compulsory for freshly qualified instructors and permits them to learn within FE colleges. Examples of informal CPD might be to work tailing, equal observation, attending at subject-specific conferences, reading diary articles, or garnering up-to-date information on new course of study and or assisting on makings such as 14-19 sheepskin. A accomplishments audit was completed for WBE 1 file which identified assorted failings which could potentially be made into positive results. In add-on, WBE 1 and WBE 2 files were compared utilizing the brooding pattern gained throughout the class. The accomplishments audit identified some failings and besides strengths. One of the chief highlighted failings was maths/numeric accomplishments and that consideration would be focussed to implant these into lessons. This was a smart mark nonsubjective to carry through before completing the class. Second, composing and literacy accomplishments and was more closely related to proof reading paperss before entry. On the other manus, the audit highlighted that IT and communicating accomplishments were high and that assurance developed. Action was considered utilizing smart aims which were defined to accomplish in a measure by measure procedure nevertheless I still experience uncomfortableness with my literacy and utilizing maths in the schoolroom. Brooding pattern was collected towards the terminal of WBE 2 which announced that my assurance and learning ability has developed in footings of lesson planning, clip direction and besides capable cognition through regular reading. Brooding pattern was progressive and rather like a rollercoaster, particularly in WBE 1. To summarize, my contemplations found that the VAKs schemes were good embedded into lessons and they helped my cordial reception pupils. I carefully reviewed my activities to do certain that my pupils were being active in theory lessons. In add-on, an betterment was highlighted that my instruction manner was going more decisive and direct towards my pupils. This aided my schoolroom direction attack. Improvements still needed to be made. Towards the terminal of my instruction pattern, it was reflected that I became excessively patronizing and enthusiastic about learning. I am a passionate individual and I enjoy learning and being about immature people. I try to be healthy which has benefited my instruction manner. I have good organisational accomplishments which have helped me to prioritize my resources and lessons. My personal accomplishments and cognition have encouraged my pupils to near me with easiness. In footings of PPD and CPD, an action program will be considered to develop my instruction pattern farther. The following stairss within my function as a professional forepart of house cordial reception tutor/lecturer will see many equal observations. I believe this will assist me concentrate on how to present maths/numeric efficaciously. I believe that squad instruction and helping in numeral geared lessons would better my pattern. Writing/Proof reading is something which has been a long term job for me. As an academic it was believed that I have dyslexia. It was non proved that I have dyslexia. From now on I will seek to derive some farther aid within the literacy section who may back up my authorship and reading accomplishments. Proof reading has proved good and I still seek for a 2nd sentiment. Throughout my instruction pattern, IT and communicating accomplishments worked to my advantage. I would wish to work with some specialised on-line equipment which will assist to implant IT skills within future lessons. The new course of study 14-19 sheepskin is new to FE colleges and I would wish to be portion of tutoring a class for illustration, nutrient and drink service for 14-19. I would wish to hold my ain personal coach group as this would supply my with the chance to intercede with other co-workers, the course of study director and be able to concentrate on my CPD for the hereafter. I will be able to implant my administration accomplishments in lessons and be able to pass on efficaciously. Working with the 14-19 sheepskin will besides promote me to implant functional accomplishments as the sheepskin classs have more accent on them. This would be an chance to better my ain functional accomplishments at the same clip. Decision To reason, professionalism is an of import and should be approached in a professional manor. I believe that the professional values serve a intent for focal point and that we, as practicians, should respond and work jointly to supplying a worthwhile instruction. The study highlighted that there are some struggles to what professionalism is due to its complex nature. It was discussed that quality confidence is an of import characteristic towards the overall part of the practician. In add-on, quality confidence benefited the pedagogue, the section, pupils and the establishment. I personally found that brooding pattern is considered to be good instruction pattern and that this assists with the overall quality of one ‘s instruction and of the establishment for this affair. Overall, the study was utile to understand the construct of being a professional and being a brooding practician. The study has besides highlighted that there is a demand to constantly reappraisal and reflect. I will now go on my journey of being a professional and I will seek to finish my CPD. Gipps et Al ( 2005 ) Wallace ( 2009 ) †¦ ,

Answer the question about plagiarized Assignment

Answer the question about plagiarized - Assignment Example Also, it is unethical for attorneys to lie as they seek for justice in a courtroom. [b] The charges to attorney Cannon from the bankruptcy court were right for the situation. The charges were to make Cannon learn from his mistakes and give him the experience of being diligent and ethical in the attorneys’ profession. The charge of completing a course in professional responsibility would edify his skills in handling future legal presentations. The other one of disgorging the fee charged to his client would make Cannon feel the pain and guilt of doing a shady job. [c] I agree with the court reasoning. One of the distinctions in the Lane case is that he did not immediately acknowledge the plagiarism when the judge asked him to certify the authors. Lane responded after several months in a manner meant to bury the plagiarized treatise. Another distinction is that Lane represented a more egregious case than of Cannon. 7. One should do the right thing at the right time. If it is time for study there is what is expected of you which is doing thorough research to understand a certain topic. When it is exam time it evident that you should concentrate on your paper. 8. Terrence Des Pres think that human moral sense is an evolutionary survival strategy. I agree with him as he says that something innate keeps men and women steady in their humanness despite inhuman pressure (Pres, par 12). 9. A good life is the utilizing of every chance you have to get the best fulfillment no matter the situation. As Des Pres says we need each other to survive in the social level hence one should embrace

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT assignments 1-4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT assignments 1-4 - Essay Example It is an indispensable tool for the economists, investors and analysts to measure the well-being of an economy. Real GDP is different from nominal GDP as it takes into account the inflation, thus producing a better scale of measurement. 2) Define and indicate the significance of the LIBOR. What was the LIBOR at the time you completed the assignment? LIBOR is the London Interbank Offered Rate and it is the rate at which the most creditworthy banks lend funds to each other. It is considered as a benchmark rate in the major countries of the world such as US, UK and Canada. LIBOR is considered as of paramount importance in the corporate world because when the LIBOR increases it creates a financial panic, which tightens the flow of credit and erodes the trust between the banks for their ability to pay each other. In addition to that, all the credit loans such as credit card, mortgages and student loans are dependent on LIBOR therefore it has a direct impact on the consumers. It is estimat ed that $360 trillion of international financial products are based on LIBOR (Reynolds, 2010). Current LIBOR LIBOR 1-Month 3-Months 6 Months 0.26% 0.31% 0.46% Source: LIBOR, other interest rate indexes (Bankrate.com) 3) Define and indicate the significance of the prime rate.

Opportunity for Expansion - the Case of Wal-Mart Essay

Opportunity for Expansion - the Case of Wal-Mart - Essay Example The expansion of a firm in the international market is often considered as the most effective method for increasing organizational competitiveness and ensuring a long – term growth. In practice, this strategy can be risky, especially if it is not carefully planned. The level at which opportunities for expansion need to be used by organizations for improving their market position is reviewed in this paper. Reference is made to a specific organization, Wal-Mart, a major competitor in the global retail industry. Currently the firm operates in about 27 countries (Wal-Mart 2012, corporate website). Despite its success, the firm tries to secure its market position through continuous expansion; in US market, where the firm is based, the chances for further growth seems to be limited. The expansion in the international market seems to be the firm’s only chance for achieving a long – term growth. 2. Expansion in new markets – Wal-Mart 2.1 Background Wal-Mart is a l eading firm in the international retail market. The firm’s stores are dispersed globally, making Wal-Mart one of the most powerful competitors in its industry. The firm was first established in 1962, in USA (Wal-Mart 2012, corporate website). ... In 2010, the firm planned to increase their international stores, approximately by ‘600 stores worldwide’ (Tice 2010). For the US market, the establishment of just 160 new stores was considered as sufficient for responding to customers’ needs (Tice 2010). In 2012, the firm plans to invest a high amount of money, about $750 million (CBC News 2012), for expanding its operations in Canada. The above investment involves in the ‘renovation and expansion of the firm’s existing stores creating 14,000 new jobs across Canada’ (CBC News 2012). It should be noted that in 2011, the firm had developed a major plan of expansion in the US market, adding ‘hundreds of small stores across US under the name Wal-Mart Express’ (Bustillo 2011). This is an effort for expansion in the internal market, as combined with the expansion internationally, which is considered as quite important for standardizing the firm’s performance in USA. The opportuni ties of expansion given to Wal-Mart, as described above, are analyzed below; reference is made to appropriate theory but also to the practical implications of the particular initiatives. Also, the potential effects of these strategies on the organization’s performance are discussed, as they can be estimated by using the figures presented in the firm’s financial reports for the last 5 years, a period during which the firm’s efforts for expanding internationally have become intensive. 2.2 Evaluation of the firm’s current expansion strategies 2.2.1 Organizational expansion in theory The decision of organizations to expand their activities internationally can be based on different criteria. According to the ‘monopolistic advantage theory’ (Luo 1999, p.27), organizations may decide to expand in the global

Portable fun instrument Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Portable fun instrument - Research Paper Example Therefore in this age, it is important for the company to come up with applications for smartphones to remain in market. There are two most commonly used operating systems in smartphones; Android and Apple. Android is the operating system found in different smartphones manufactured by Samsung, LG, HTC and others. However, smartphones of Apple uses its own operating system, iOS. iOS will only run in smartphones and tablets manufactured by Apple. However, android is found in different smartphones and tablets produced by other companies. In order to select which operating system, it is important to know that both these operating systems have their pros and cons. Android allows users to have more flexible applications. However one issue with android is that there are many versions of android available. On the other hand, Apple offers exceptional experience. Retina  display technology has been introduced by Apple and it is the most pixel-rich display on any phone till date. Applications of Apple are more exclusive when compared with android. Moreover, applications of iOS generate more revenue and are sold more. So it depends on what features the company would like to go for. However, as iOS is more exclusive and has more revenue than Android, therefore the company should go for Apple (Yarow). PART 2 The number of smartphone users is increasing and therefore it has become important to come up with an application for smartphone users. Smartphones are no more used by business professionals but people of different ages use smartphones. In order to come up with an application for smartphone, one has to choose from either android or iOS. Therefore it is important to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of these two operating systems. The number of users of Android is increasing and this provides more opportunities for the company. Moreover, there are more applications coming in the market related to Android so this shows the trend of the

Executive Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Executive Summary - Essay Example A 2003 study by the National Center for Education Statistics found that at least 52% of Miami-Dade struggled to complete basic skills like reading a menu or a bus schedule. In our research, we found that the percentage of those living below the poverty line in different categories of Miami population are as follows: 36.8% of children, 35.1% of married-couple families, 10.5% of single parent families with no wife and 54.4% of single parent families without husband. Â   There is need for creating opportunities that can enable the low-income families learn computer skills that can lead to better job opportunities. This will also equip the parents with the necessary resource. There is also need to motivate each child to achieve his or her dream despite his/her financial situation. A greater impact can be realized by sponsoring Kiwanis Club in Little Havana. Based on this, we have decided that we can help Kiwanis Club by implementing ideas to raise funds or computer donations in order to advance this great

ARGUMENT Essay on The Medical (health care) of America

ARGUMENT on The Medical (health care) of America - Essay Example One of the most urgent questions is whether all the Americans should be entitled to health care or not. The US is known to be one of few highly-developed nations which do not provide universal health care for its citizens. Together with Mexico, the US is the only member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development that does not have this service (OECD, 2013). Thus, advocates of the reform insist that health care should be defined as a universal system, run by the government. In other words, this should be the government’s responsibility, but not one of the concerns of ordinary people. Nowadays, however, American  people must work really hard in order to take care of their own health. The burden of all the medical expenses lies on the shoulders of ordinary citizens. According to the US Census Bureau, government programs cover only 27.8% of the population (83  million),  including the elderly, disabled, children, veterans, and some of the poor (U.S. Census Bureau, 2013). In addition, national law provides public access to the services of emergency, without regard to paying capacity of a person. However, this does not seem to be right that all the other people have to take care about their health on their own. A couple of arguments may illustrate this. Despite the significant and really impressive advances in medical sciences, millions of Americans cannot afford themselves a number of modern services just because the price is too high. It seems to be a paradox that citizens of one of the riches countries in the world cannot afford qualitative health services. That is why medical health care, one of the unalienable human rights by the way, seems to be turned into a privilege. Advocates of the right for health care insist that no one in the richest nation on earth should go without it (Right to Health Care, 2014). The US seems to be wealthy

Business Ethics & Professinal Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Ethics & Professinal Ethics - Essay Example This is a broad core value, but becomes a necessity as a law enforcement officer. As a law enforcement officer or FBI agent, I would be investigating homicides, kidnappings, white collar crimes, and various other offenses. I must be prepared to investigate with the same amount of vigor every case I am assigned. For example, if I arrest an African American, white, Arab, or anyone else, I must treat them the same. If I was investigating the kidnapping of the President’s daughter or a homeless man’s daughter, I must put the same amount of effort in to the investigation. Profiles are used to track criminals, especially in the FBI. However, I must not racial profile, only criminal profile. All American citizens or individuals living in America deserve justice. A cop must follow certain rules to achieve justice for all. It is important to understand that justice sometimes cannot be achieved for all, but the goal is to try to achieve justice for all. In order to do this a few rules must be followed. One example is a suspect’s Miranda Rights. These are rights to remain silent, request a lawyer, or have a lawyer appointed to the suspect. If these Rights are not read, justice cannot be achieved for the suspect or the victim. Innocent suspects can be railroaded or guilty ones can go free, if a cop does not follow the rule of reading the Miranda Rights. Another rule to follow, that some police officers do not observe but should, is the keeping of the laws they enforce. Humans, even police officers, are not perfect. A speeding ticket should not strip a police officer from their post, but more serious offences should. For example, DUI’s, bounced checks, and definitely felonies should cause a police officer’s dismissal. An officer’s integrity would be in question if they commit a crime. They would no longer be able to search for justice, because justice needs to be enforced by those that obey the law. Finally, the last rule

Philippines Economic Growth Essay Example for Free

Philippines Economic Growth Essay The Philippines has a representative democracy modeled on United States system of government. Its republic type of government has also a presidential system of government with bicameral legislature and an independent judiciary wherein the president is limited to six years of terms. Whenever there are troubles experienced within the government of the Philippines, leaders tends to seek help and often times united States always offers help and assistance to the Philippines. Although historically speaking, they were once the conquerors of the Philippines. Both government are being attcked by terrorist which opposes the kind of leaders and leadership in the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Philippines is considered as one newly industrialized country located in South east Asia. It is also the fastest growing economy in Southeast Asia posting a GDP growth rate of 7.5% in 2007s second quarter. (Hookway, 2007.p.A1). As compared to the United States the GDP of the Philippines is really far from US GDP rate of 88% over the past decades and until the present. United States is really a great country and is considered to be where the worlds largest gross domestic product rate is.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   GDP per capita of the Philippines is estimated to be $5,700 in 2007 which is far behind the GDP per capita of the United States which is estimated $44,000 for this year.( US treasury Dept. 2007)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unemployment rates in the Philippines is 7.9% while US is just half of it at 4.4%. This reflects how hardworking the Americans as compare to Filipinos who merely wants a simple life and simple way of living. Inflation rates in the Philippines is 2.3% which makes the economy more hopeful in the present statistics. The national government debt as a percentage of GDP rates in the Philippines is as high as $316.65 billion or 69.9% of GDP while United States only has $19billion or 0.16% of GDP. (wikipedia)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The level of technological development in the Philippines is not also as greater than in the United states. The Philippines is attracted to Japan made products and China influenced imitation of much lower quality technologies as compared to hight technological quality provided in the United States. This is one great disappointment regarding consumer decision making bf Filipinos who tends to buy more goods and commodities at a cheaper price but not of high quality. They tend to overlook the specifications of   a certain of product because of high costs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The level of infrastructural development in the Philippines is not really that far, because the country is taking its phase in cities where rises of buildings and commercial establishments are rampant. There are certain issues concerning how this infrastructures will be built because tax in the Philippines is really high thats why investors sometimes thinks twice of getting involved in dealing   businesses in the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The high cost of materials, manpower and cost of permit is sometimes unfair on the part of investor. It becomes a gamble investing on a place where you will think twice if it will really profit once its already made and set up there. While infrastructural developments in the United States can be considerably good because in cities like New York where it is known to as the city that never sleeps, one business establishment will really profit because people keeps on going and going all day and night long.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Socioeconomic indicators that greatly affects the statistics of a certain country such as education, access to health care, clean water, etc. is also considered as one great factor in a progressive nation.   For a country like Philippines, educational system can be considered competitive enough because it produces competent and skilled professionals nowadays. As far as United States education is concern because of course reality speaks that American Student are really ahead in terms of quality of education. Going back to History, American are also known as Thomasites which brought up high standards of education in the Philippines. Brain Drain is one common problem in the Philippines, after years of studying where Filipinos receive of high quality education, they goes out of the country and work for a higher salary. The tendency is the economy of such country raises and the downfall of professional statistics in the Philippines is experienced. They prefer to use the knowledge theyve learned from their own country as a stepping stone to more opportunities abroad. Health Problems and medical assistance is also a factor in a countrys economic growth for Filipinos who lives in a country with   more illness there is a bigger tendency not to perform well in school for students who are still studying and for employees who works hard int heir professions. The more persuasive you are working, the more tendency of being sick is. The sad part is that there are some instances that medical assistance is far at hand like in cases that we still need to ask help from other countries like the United States which is more medically advanced and this also results a deduction in our statistics because we need to pay for those medicines and medical experts from foreign countries. Abusing the environment is also one reason why people tends to suffer economically. Improper use of natural resources and pollution is one great threat on the Philippines Economic growth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At present, there are many Foreign investors who wants to take risk and be involved in having business with the Philippines and this also provides greater opportunity on the countries statistics because it paves way for a more chance of paying debts and increase employment rates to Filipinos.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Talking about change, we really dont need to compete with any other countries, we can content our economic needs by providing what it needs and at the same time going about business in supporting services and exports that have brought in much needed foreign exchange and help raising our economic status at its best. Great rates and percentage economically comes from people who strives hard and decides best in doing businesses and witty decision making. References   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Hookway, James. (2007). Wall Street Journal p. A1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     United States Department of Treasury 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   www.wikipedia.org

Pain Management Interventions and Chronic Pain Disorders

Pain Management Interventions and Chronic Pain Disorders Introduction This essay will identify the issue of how poorly addressed acute pain in hospitalized patients may lead to chronic pain disorders, critically compare and discuss a range of pain assessment tools referring to contemporary research literature and practice guidelines for patients who are able to self describe their pain and who are unable to self describe their pain due to verbal communication barriers, critical illness or delirium/dementia. Main Body According to the International Association for the Study of Pain, pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience arising from actual or potential tissue damage. The emphasis of this definition is both the sensory and emotional experience of an individual in pain. According to Tsui, Chen Ng (2010, p.20.), Pain can be emotional, behavioral, sociocultural and spiritual. The exhibition of pain is multidimensional. Therefore, in the assessment of pain, not only a general guideline for a quick review is needed, but also a specific tool to help the professionals to have a more accurate assessment of the experience of pain from a multidimensional perspective. Clinically, â€Å"Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he/she says it does† (McCaffery, 1968). The temporal profile classification is most commonly used to classify pain.This broad classification of pain duration is often used to better understand the biopsychosocial aspects that may be important when conducting assessment and treatment. For example, many times chronic pain is a result of unresolved acute pain episodes, resulting in accumulative biopsychosocial effects such as prolonged physical reconditioning, anxiety, and stress. It is obvious that this type of time categorisation information can be extremely helpful in directing specific treatment approaches to the type of pain that is being evaluated (Gatchel Oordt, 2003). Acute pain is usually indicative of tissue damage and is characterized by momentary intense noxious sensations (i.e., nociception). It serves as an important biological signal of potential tissue/ physical harm. Some anxiety may initially be precipitated, but prolonged physical and emotional distress usually is not. Indeed, anxiety, if mild, can be quite adaptive in that it stimulates behaviors needed for recovery, such as the seeking of medical attention, rest, and removal from the potentially harmful situation. As the nociception decreases, acute pain usually subsides. Unlike acute pain, chronic pain persists. Chronic pain is traditionally defined as pain that lasts 6 months or longer, well past the normal healing period one would expect for its protective biological function. Arthritis, back injuries, and cancer can produce chronic-pain syndromes and, as the pain persists, it is often accompanied by emotional distress, such as depression, anger, and frustration. Such pain can also often significantly interfere with activities of daily living. There is much more health care utilization in an attempt to find some relief from the pain symptoms, and the pain has a tendency to become a preoccupation of an individuals everyday living. Assessment of a patient’s experience of pain is a crucial component in providing effective pain management. A systematic process of pain assessment, measurement and re-assessment (re-evaluation), enhances the health care teams’ ability to achieve: increased satisfaction with pain management. According to Buckley (2000) nurses are the primary group of health care professionals responsible for the ongoing assessment and monitoring of patients to ensure that pain is effectively and appropriately managed and that patients and families are informed of the consequences of acute pain. Assessment of pain can be a simple and straightforward task when dealing with acute pain and pain as a symptom of trauma or disease. Assessment of location and intensity of pain often sufà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ces in clinical practice. However, other important aspects of acute pain, in addition to pain intensity at rest, need to be deà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ned and measured when clinical trials of acute pain treatment are planned. If not, meaningless data and false conclusions may result. The 5 key components: Words, Intensity, Location, Duration, Aggravating factors pain assessment are incorporated into the process. Objective data are collected by using one of the pain assessment tools which are specià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ c to special types of pain. The main issues in choosing the tool are its reliability and its validity. Moreover, the tool must be clear and, therefore, easily understood by the client, and require little effort from the client and the nurse. According to Husband (2001) to measure the pain severity or intensity, several scales can be used such as a numeric rating scale (NRS), the visual analog scale (VAS), observation scales with indicators of pain, and even creative depictions of pain intensity with scale using a pain thermometer. The numeric rating scale allows patients to rate their pain on and 11-point scale of 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable). The majority of patients, even older adults can use this scale. The thermometer scale may be useful in the elderly, according to Rakel and Herr (2004). It shows a picture of a thermometer arranged on a background with a vertical word scale. Finally categoric scales use verbal descriptors to quantify the level of pain and those scales have been validated and are considered to be reliable. Pain assessment in older adults can be challenging and very difficult in some situations (Rakel Herr, 2004). When the patient cannot report his/her subjective pain experience, proxy measurements of pain must be used, such as pain behaviours and reactions that may indicate that the person is suffering painful experiences. Besides communication difà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ culties caused by language problems, patients in the extremes of age, and critically ill patients in the intensive care setting, are common assessment problems. Older patients may prefer to use alternate means to express their pain through the use of word descriptors that best characterize the pain, such as aching, hurting, and soreness (Herr Garand, 2001). The most important components of pain assessment in older adults are regular assessable, standardized tools, and consistent documentation (Horgas, 2003). Pain assessment may also be complicated by decreases in hearing and visual acuity, so tools that require extensive explanation or visualization to perform will be more difficult and possibly less reliable. The verbal descriptor scale may be the easiest tool for the elderly to use. This measure allows patients to describe what they are feeling with common words rather than having to convert how they feel to a number, facial representation, or a point somewhere on a straight line. An observational assessment of pain behavior may be more appropriate for people with severe cognitive impairment, for example, the Abbey pain scale. Identifying pain in the cognitively impaired older adult depends heavily on knowing the patient and paying attention to slight changes in behavior (Soscia, 2003). An interesting veiw was expressed that nurses ma y lack knowledge and have attitudes and practices toward pain management that may compromise pain management for older patients ( Yates et al., 2002, p.403). Conclusion In conclusion, References American Geriatric Society Panel on Chronic Pain in Older Persons (2002). The management of persistent pain in older persons: AGS panel on persistent pain in older persons.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 6(50), supplement 205-224. Horgas, A.L. (2003). Pain management in elderly adults.Journal of Infusion Nursing, 26,161-165. Soscia, J. (2003). Assessing pain in cognitively impaired older adults with cancer.Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 7, 174-177 Drayer, R. A., Henderson, J., Reidenberg, M. (1999). Barriers to Better Pain Control in Hospitalised Patients. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 17(6), 434-440. Yates, P. M., Edwards, H. E., Nash, R. E., Walsh, A. M., Fentiman, B. J., Skerman, H. M., Najman, J. M. (2002). Barriers to Effective Cancer Pain Management: A Survey of Hospitalised Cancer Patients in Australia. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 23(5), 393-405. 1

Zaha M. Hadid Essay -- Art Architecture Papers

Zaha M. Hadid "Gravity-defying", "fragmentary" and "revolutionary" are a few of the words used to describe Zaha Hadid's architectural designs. The Iraqi-born, London-based architect has stirred up continual controversy with her designs that defy a label in the Modern vs. Post-Modern architectural debate. In the past 15 years, she has gone from unknown student to "architecture's new diva" as the title of the January 1996 Architectural DigestUs profile suggested. Her work has been accepted as a significant contribution to architecture and her style is one that other architects now emulate. These characteristics might serve to qualify her under Howard Gardner's definition of creativity. "The creative individual is a person who regularly solves problems, fashions products, or defines new questions in a domain in a way that is initially considered novel but that ultimately becomes accepted in a particular cultural setting." (Gardner 1993) Many issues that Gardner writes about in Creating Minds are relevant to a discussion of Hadid's career. By examining her creativity in the visual/spatial intelligence, I will attempt to conclude whether Gardner's model of multiple intelligence is relevant to the current era and domain of architecture in Zaha Hadid's case. CHILDHOOD Zaha Hadid was raised in a liberal, open-minded family which allowed her to explore new ways of doing things and think critically. She was born in Baghdad, Iraq in 1950 to aristocratic parents. Hadid's father played an important role in her creative development. He exposed her to many different cultures while always stressing the importance of her heritage. He demonstrated this through his studies at the London School of Economics and participation in the fight... ...). Architecture's Only Diva. Harper's Bazaar 125, 337, 190-225 Giovannini, Joseph. (1996). Architecture's New Diva Makes an International Scene Architectural Digest 53,1, 26-35 "Goodbye Theory, Hello Practice" (1997). Building Design Miller Freeman Publishing Company. 9/19/97, 20 Gowan, James ed. (1975) A Continuing Experiment: Learning and Teaching at the Architectural Association London: Architectural Press Hadid, Zaha M. (1995). [Interview with Yoshio Futagawa]. Global Architecture 03, 12-20 Levene, Richard and Fernando Marquez Cecilia. Interview with Zaha Hadid. El Croquis 52 Popham, Peter. (1996) A Model Architect: Zaha Hadid's Radical Plan for the Cardiff Opera House has Brought her International Fame. Why, then, has it been Rejected? The Independent (London). 2/11/96 Vine, Richard. (1995). Futuristic Baroque. Art in America 83, 7, 34-40

Entering International Markets Essay -- GCSE Entering A Foreign Market

Entering International Markets Measuring a potential business venture has many aspects which the international manager must be aware of in order to convey the correct information back to the decision makers. Being ignorant to any of the aspects can lead to a false representation of the project, and hence an uninformed decision being passed. In order for a business to survive it must grow. For growth to be optimal, management must first be able to identify the most attractive prospective leads. The country as a whole, specifically geography, government, and financial aspects must be looked at in order to yield the best possible picture of the market a company wishes to enter. Concentration should be placed on gathering reliable facts that are backed up by more than one source. It is to be hoped that after creating "a picture" of the market, management's analysis of the potential business venture and plan of action will be structured as to avoid losses and to find the most profitable scenarios. The success of the multinational corporation lies on the shoulders of it's management. International management and organization-design expert Henry Mintzenberg says every CEO has three essential duties: direct supervision, development of the organization's strategy, and management of the organization's boundary conditions. Top management's responsibility at and beyond the organization's boundaries is largely a communication responsibility; however, no commonly accepted model exists for decision, execution, and assessment of communication opportunities. Within even some of the largest and most venerable organizations, the process used is haphazard and inconsistent. The Wyatt Company's survey of communications professionals showed that just 58.1 percent agreed that their organization's communication objectives are linked to business objectives, and 83.3 percent reported that their organizations conduct no formal review of return on communications investment. CEOs must establish and re inforce an organization's image in public by viewing each target public as a client; by doing research, looking at trends, and talking to experts, a CEO focuses on selling what the client wants to buy.1 Finding a country to conduct business in can be a very easy task depending on if the organization's top management follows the advice of Mr. Mintzenberg. The way a company normally d... ...atistics on market for your product (internal production plus imports less exports) * Source: Penetrating the International Market, p.27-8. Bibliography: 1 McGrath, John J. Sell Your CEO! Vital Speeches of the Day. vol. 61-14. May 1, 1995: 444-7. 2 Stuart, Robert Douglas. Penetrating the International Market. American Management Association. New York 1965: 25-39. 3 Haner, F.T. Multinational Management. Merrill. Columbus, Ohio 1973: 43-58. 4 Ewing, John S. and Meissner, Frank. International Business Management; Readings and Cases. Wadsworth. Belmont, California. 1964: 146-70. 5 Robinson, Richard D. International Management. Holt, Reinhart and Winston. New York. 1967: 71-85. 6 Morden, Tony. International Culture and Management. Management Decision. vol. 33-2. 1995:16-21. 7 Harris, Philip R. and Moran, Robert T. Managing Cultural Differences. Gulf. Houston, Texas. 1979: 12-24. 8 Fayerweather, John. International Business Management; A Conceptual Framework. McGraw-Hill. New York. 1969: 51-64. 9 Haner, F.T. Multinational Management. Merill. Columbus, Ohio. 1973: 60-64.

Manet and Paris De Refuses

Edouard Manet lived an intriguing life significantly changing world history, especially in the arts. In the 19th century, Salon De Paris hosted a yearly public exhibition of artists paintings approved by the board. Edouard Manet’s controversial and unexpected paintings became the biggest challenge and publicity for the salon, probably not in the way the Paris Des Salon would have chosen. All artists displaying exhibitions sanctioned by the show were required to paint within the standards and codes of conduct set by the French Art Academy; Academie des Beaux-Arts. Any artists refusing to follow educational guidelines were rejected from showing their paintings. Their work had to abide by the educational standards taught in the French school to show paintings in the Salon De Paris exhibition. Edouard Manet was not very accommodating to tradition, a rebellion for being discharged from the Navy. In 1862, the Salon De Paris rejected Edouard Manet’s painting, Luncheon on the Grass. This rejection started a series of events marking a turning point in the history of art. Manet’s and other young French artists who admired the impressionists art style challenged the salon’s decisions. Napoleon 111 opened an exhibition allowing the salon’s rejects to display their art. The event which was separate from Salon De Paris was named Salon des Refuses, meaning the salons rejects. At this time, it was not considered a high honor to have works displayed in the Salon des Refuses. Today, the artists who had their work showcase in the Salon des Refuses have the same notoriety and respect as artists who’s work was accepted by the Salon des Paris. Manets paintings were very pleasing, aesthetic, but were prevented from accepted by the public. It was the times they lived in. When they did reach the public, his paintings received harsh, vicious criticism. Manets paintings directly went against the erroneous purpose and rigid rules of academic art teachings. The academy had problems accepting Manets technique and subject matter, often portraying women with no clothes, two men in landscape or outdoor settings. All of his paintings were fully colored, not having any shadows in the pictures. The 1862 Salon Des Refuses lead to the Avant-Garde, which simply means testing the traditional rules or pushing beyond the boundaries. The rejection of Luncheon on the Grass, the opening of the Salon des Refuses and the Avant-Garde lead the movement of art world into Impressionism. Edouard Manet’s rebellion against military, education and politically correct standards through his paintings made more contributions than any one person ever did from any point in history. Manet and Salon Des Refuses Introduction: Edouard Manet was a French artists famous for inventing the entire impression era during his very short lived life, dying at only 50 years old. After his discharged from the military, he devoted his entire life to art. Through his art career, he inspired historical changes influencing all aspects of the artworld. Significant changes inspired by Manet influenced music, drama, theatre dance and paintings. In his brief lifetime, the impression class, the avant-garde and Salon des Refusal became fully developed legitimate organizations upon challenging Salon de Paris's rejection of his painting. Impressionism; According to the study of Manets style, impressionism is heavily associated with color. Manet is the mastermind behind the impressionism era. Manet’s breaking traditions began the impression age, but the impressionism era was marked when Monet created a painting called Sunrise. â€Å"The term impressionism was coined to describe the work of certain painters who professed to record the impression which they have received from the object studied. At close range, the picture appeared confused and intelligible; it was necessary to stand some distance away from it in order to discover what it was all about† (Forest, 1913, Page 584). Realism painters are very formal artists, concealing any individuality, uniqueness, identity or personality within the messages or storytelling in their artwork. The purpose of realism paintings are to retell historical events from the past. Up until Manets invention of the impression stage, artists created artwork to keep history alive, and relay the same historical messages in multiple different interpretations. Impressionism is a resemblance of the contrast between today’s Ballet dance vs Hip hop. The art does not have to follow narrow based rules and may be an expression of the individual to please the audience. Art is not required to be a reinvention of sentimental or historical meaning to serve a purpose, or target an audience. Art can be aesthetically pleasing. Aesthetic art work does not reinvent history, it makes history while keeping up with the current trends, Impression or aesthetic usually appeals to a younger generation, perhaps more common, everyday people. This type of art in music, dance, theatre is usually taken at face value, or for what it is. Impressionist’s artists paint in the here and now. They are not concerned about the future, or the past. Both an impressionists and realism artist create a piece of art or paint a picture of the same beach. Each artist would use different colors, shadowing methods, brush stroke techniques. Both beach paintings would show clouds in the sky. The picture painted by the impressionists would have shorter, broken up clouds, resembling exactly what the viewer would see if they went to that beach when the artist painted it. The impression artist goes to the place where he or she can see what they are painting or drawing. The realism artists paints outdoor scenery while they are in the studio. The clouds, sun, waves symbolizes a historical story. Impressionists uses brighter colors, place strong emphasis on natural outdoor lighting and the actual surroundings. Realism artists took pride in people staying spell bound by their work, to get the hidden meanings portrayed through symbology. Artists wants to take its audience into a deeper level, consuming their attention, leaving them with something they will remember, or even change their life. Artists intend on making lasting impressions on its audience. The salon wanted to maintain a certain status level of its customers. â€Å"Although Edouard Manet studied for six years with Thomas Couture, his painting style was primarily influenced by studying the old masters in the Musee de Louvre in Paris, particularly the works of Spanish painters, Bartolome Esteban Murillo, Jusepe de Ribera and most important Diego Velazquez† (Kramer, 2002). Today, it stands no secret Manet greatly admired Velazquez. The art traditions set by Manet was inspired by Velazquez. The Salon De Paris and the Academie des Beaux-Arts: The Salon De Paris was a highly prestigious well respected event organized by the Academie des Beaux-Arts. The Salon De Paris was made up of a board of highly qualified judges who analyzed paintings submitted by artists. The salon first concern was to ensure all paintings displayed in the show satisfied all requirements set by the French art academy. The academy wanted to retain a certain level of customers. The Salon De Paris, working closely with the Academie des Beaux-Arts had an obligation to honor Napoleon 111 regulations. Napoleon 111 was a French emperor having full rein of the school. When the salon rejected Edouard Manet’s Luncheon on the Grass, the salons authority was immediately questioned. The rejection of this painting, inspired Manet to go through a process beginning a series of events that permanently changed art. Manets impression paintings were new, introduced the unfamiliar. The Avant-guard is all about breaking boundaries, pushing limitations. Many musicians, singers and George Bush Jr and his cabinet are accused of pushing boundaries, only a compliment to them. Traditional paintings, or paintings following the academic standards retold history, suppressing their own ideas. The salon or the art academy tested artists imaginations and creativity. Artists were discouraged from inventing or painting any stories or ideas, or pictures just for an image of the picture itself. Artists were required to paint what already existed, or did at one time or another. Although they were retelling history, they faced the challenge of inventing original ways to tell the same story repeated thousands times through previous paintings, theatre, music and writings. If an artist was talented, had a great imagination, and was inspired strong enough by historical events, he was capable of creating orginal fascinating works which portrayed the same meaning. All artist before the impression era had to create their art to retell biblical and traditional stories. Any individual messages from the artists had to be within the traditional social standards passed on through many generations. The Salon Des Refuses: The Salon Des Refuses rejected Manets painting, Luncheon on the Grass, because the subject matter was considered indecent. Manet painted an out of shape naked woman having a picnic on the grass with two fully clothed men. Artists have used artist’s models, a naked person who sits in a pose for the artists to paint, since the beginning of art. In the realism stages, or if the naked model symbolized a historical time event, it was considered art. Naked models painted in a realistic setting were considered pornography content. The rejection of Luncheon on the Grass and Whistler’s, A White Girl, drew lots of complaints from the public and the French artists who supported Manet’s style. Napoleon made the decision to allow a public exhibition of the salons rejects. The event was separate from the Salon De Paris. The salon repeatedly rejected Manets paintings, yet he kept submitting paintings in the same aesthetic style. Many art historians argue Manets rejections were intentional. â€Å"Many scholars contend that Manets 1863 masterpieces Dejeuner sur l Herbe, Breakfast in the Grass and Olympia set the stage for modern evolution of modern art and the 1907 creation of Picasso’s Demoiselle D Avignon. Was this intentional? Artists and art historian Anderson believe it was, arguing that the French painter wished to challenge academic paradigms pertaining to both style and the substance of artworks submitted to the Paris Salon Jury† ( Lajos, 2005). Submission of artwork rejected over and over, and resubmission making no compromise to alter paintings to conform to academic standards indicates Manet had altered motives for submitting his work. A generous inheritance from his father allowed Manet the financial independence to break these traditional rules, and paint mainly for his own enjoyment. Of course, the reason behind repeated submissions to the salon, if any, can only be left to individual opinions. The salons refusal to accept his paintings are narrowed down to one issue; The prestigious Salon des Paris and the academy had no way of foretelling publics reactions to acceptance of art that have not been tested. It was a political risk for the salon. Through most of Manets life, he was ridiculed, criticized, received harsh psychological attacks from the public. The attitude of the people says much more about people in general than Manets paintings. People rejecting Manets paintings wrote books about his artwork. Any painting, no matter how unappealing, does not have the ability to leave the gallery and harm these people who were so angry with the paintings. People are obsessed with the things they hate. One critic wrote a book about the impressionist artists titled â€Å"In Praise of Cosmetics. † Her theory was that Manets use of color with several paintings featuring naked women reflected prostitutes. Cosmetics are viewed as artificial, something a woman uses to seduce a man. This is seldom true, but cosmetics are often viewed in this light. The salon certainly did not want to offend activists involved in women’s rights movement, who concluded Manets paintings branded women as prostitutes. The content or the objects Manet drew was found objectionable by the salon. Many of his paintings showed a woman with no clothes with two men, outdoors. This is what the public was concerned about, not the coloring content, although it was used as a reason for rejection. They did not want to bring attention or focus to the naked women. Manet could argue that art used naked women in the renaissance ages. Other analysts interpret Manets paintings as a rebellion surfacing from his discharge from the military. He is leaving no room in his interpretations through the use repeatedly criticized color, light and atmosphere, he is protesting against anything standing for tradition, military or academic. He is telling everyone he is not following the current rules for art, and has no intentions to do so, he is still going to produce paintings by his own rules. Manet could never see himself wearing his uniform through a painting. He expressed respect and admiration for the uniform, but could not actually picture himself in the uniform. Manet had respect for the salon and the academy, but just could see himself in the academy. Through the art work and relationship with the Salon des Refusal, or Salon des Paris, he was living out his life experience with the military discharge. (Wright 2004). The more the public ridiculed Manet, the more controversial his paintings became. This was intentional. After a while of being ridiculed, mocked and harassed, the target begins to do whatever it takes to kept the reactions going. If anything, they are talking about his paintings the most. Whatever people hate, is the one thing that has them enslaved. Everyone is obsessed with whatever it is they hate or despise. Salon Des Paris Biggest Change: Salon Des Paris became the center of everyone’s concerns when its opposing event, Salon Des Refuses 1863 occurred. The Salon Des Refuses received publicity because of what it did not accept. (Wynford, 1904). The Salon Des Paris had a long term relationship with Manet. In 1859, Manet sent his first painting to the salon, The Absinth Drinker, the salon rejected it. The next two paintings, a double portrait of his mother and father and the Spanish Guitar was not only accepted by the salon, but highly honored. From here on out, the Salon and Manet continuously rebelled against each other. The only other honor the Salon would give Manet was a year before his death. In 1861, the salon refused another submission by Manet; Music at the Tuileries. Music at the Tuileries was more than just another painting for Manet. He set a new trend called en plein air, which the recently rejected painting was to be a trademark or signature of Manets original painting style. (1904) En plein air, translating to, in plain air, is the standard technique used by impression artists. Impression artists are famous for painting landscapes and outdoor painting. They paint from outside the studio. The realism artists painted landscapes and outdoor paintings. They used neutral, down to earth tones, grey, shades and colors. Impressionists use colors closer to giving actual visualization of the outdoor brightness. The background of their paintings actually set the coloring, usually daylight or moonlight, overlooking the entire picture. The impression artists did not paint many small details. The impressionists painted with what they imagined the audience saw when looking at the picture at first glance. The paintings make an impression at first glance. And needless to say, en plein air painting trend broke all traditional rules of painting. Manet replaced shadows, greys, blacks and other neutral colors with bright colors. All of the space on the canvas was filled with vivid contrasting colors. The Salon des Refuses in 1863 was a one time event. In 1865, the Salon des Paris discouraging another Salon des Refuses allowed all artists to display their exhibitions. They had another surprise. Manet shocked them once again with his painting, The Olympia. The very next exhibition, the Salon nonapologetically, nonsympathetically, without much consideration refused Manets paintings. (1904) Conclusion: At the very end of Manets life and career, his artwork and contributions were accepted, and honored. Edourd Manet 1832-83) was a French artists famous for inventing the entire impression era, during his very short lived life, died at only 50 years old, he inspired historical through his art career in all aspects of the art world. Significant changes inspired by Manet influenced music, drama, theatre dance and paintings. In his brief lifetime, the impression class, the Avant-garde and Salon des Refusal became fully developed legitimate organizations when he challenged the Salon des Paris's rejection of his paintings. The Salon des Paris did rejected works to uphold a certain class of people. Educated people attracted to art look beyond the visual aspects, are taken into the storytelling of the art work to derive deeper meanings out of it. Aesthetics and Impressionism art, according to the art analyst of that time were going to attract people who take art at face value, such as viewing a nude person as porn, or some other inappropriate sexual interpretation. These types of people have little money, younger crowd and will find great humor in breaking into the gallery â€Å"just to get a naked picture. † The salon probably considered this possibility when rejecting Manets works. However, Manet would not have stood out like he does today if he did not receive continuous rejections from the Salon. Creating sexual artwork falling into grey areas is the fastest way for an artists to become famous. Famous means everyone is talking about that artists more than other artists. Many historians point to incredibly believable supporting evidence that Manet purposely seeked repeated rejections from the salon. The one time he made his mark in history, was not when he convinced Napoleon 111 to hold an exhibition of the salons rejects, but probably when he submitted a painting of the Olympia the year after the salon allowed an open exhibition, preventing another Salon des Refusal. Some professionals studying Manet and the Salon Des Refusal argue his secretive rebellion for his military discharge surfaced through his paintings. Manets works that were refused by the public and the salon worked for him. The salon could have came with any reason for continuous rejections, the technique or subject content. Manet was always seeking controversy, not every rejected painting from the salon was by accident. He created an entirely new art era, called the impressionism stage. Today, his rejected artworks hangs in the most prestigious of the art galleries.

Biography of Andrew Jackson Essay

From his early childhood to his days in presidency, Andrew Jackson’s fueled a revolution in politics and the search for vindication of the American people. In this psychoanalytical biography of Andrew Jackson, James C. Curtis explores Jackson’s tenacious personality and lifelong quest for power, which was deeply rooted in his troubled past. Beginning in the backwoods of the Carolina’s, young Andrew Jackson was born to a couple from Northern Ireland that migrated here during a time of social and economic turmoil. Arriving in the late 1760’s, Jackson explored the prospective rolling countryside with the uncontrolled freedom that encouraged his wild behavior. By the age of fourteen, Jackson had lost his brothers and both parents, leaving a young troubled boy to fend for himself in the turbulent south. Evidently, Jackson’s rebellious attitude brought him nowhere in school. The local schoolmaster barley taught him to read or write, but he expressed himself directly. Even into his presidency his advisors had to revise his public writings due to his horrid grammar and spelling. Throughout the beginning of the book, Curtis extensively relates Andrew’s early encounters to his future motivations in personal and political thought. Andrew’s break came at the age of seventeen when he landed a job with a lawyer to practice law. Soon Andrew had a legitimate chance in frontier diplomacy. In 1784 he was involved in the Spanish Conspiracy. In this conflict the colonists were looking for a bold, reactionary person to represent them. Andrew took to this and forcefully went after the Indians. Obviously, his rashness toward the Indians was rooted in his own struggles with authority as a child. † They were doubly evil, reminding him of a past he was trying to forget and threatening a future he was trying to achieve. The Indian was a fit target for wrath.†(23) Curtis’ style emphasizes that Jackson was relating the unconstrained conditions of the frontier to his own unconstrained behaviors. As a result, Jackson wanted to suppress this feeling and took out his angers on the Indians. Finally in 1796, Jackson’s political chieftain, William Blount, selected the young judge advocate of the Davidson County Militia. After two years he  replaced Blount’s seat in the senate. Senator Jackson sat in office for about a year before he realized that his brash public speaking skills and high temper could not contest with the polemical persuasion the other Senators possessed. Once again Jackson returned to the profitable judgeship that the Blount regime offered. He served giving six years of crude but fair justice as a prominent judge. In 1806, Jackson once again revealed his reckless and impulsive behavior when he challenged a fellow opponent to a duel. Jackson exercised his boldness after allowing the sharpshooter take the first shot. Wounded, he immediately raised his gun and killed the other man. Curtis showed that this level of bravery would be his greatest alibi in future encounters. With the return of peace in 1815 allowed for more productive use of transportation. Consequently, the Market Revolution was born, as well as a time for political change. The old regimes were being taken over by new ones that represented a different generation of Americans. The majority favored Americans that were born and raised in the light of the Revolution. Andrew Jackson was and acted like that kind of person. His unstable past caught the admiration of the working class as well as the slave owners, but the old political parties saw Jackson as a frantic militiaman. He disappointed those † whose minds were prepared to see me with a Tomahawk in one hand and a scalping knife in the other.†(82) These reactions concerned Jackson and inspired him to seek a different course of action. Curtis showed, † the candidate desperately wanted such vindication.†(82) From 1828 to 1836 Jackson served the presidency with the same motivation that got him there. Tragedy struck again with the death of his wife, a serious illness, and the Eaton affairs. In 1831 allegations from the banks were swarming Jackson. The pressure of presidency was taking its toll. The fight with the Indians was showing progress, but the south was deteriorating. Jackson soon elected a new cabinet that contained federalists and Bank members. He even went to the extent in terminating his administration. Later in his retirement, he claimed,† It was the sovereign people that†¦.enabled me to terminate my administration so satisfactorily.†(179) This partisan  split showed Jackson’s trust in the people. Thus, his vindication was cured by the endorsement of the American citizen. For most he showed that the poor and unfortunate individuals could rise to the top, but he didn’t realize the human costs of economic expansion. During this time period Curtis presents Jackson as a resilient and self-promoting individual. However, there were just as important issues that should have been addressed besides the Market Revolution, issues with state banks, and Jackson fulfilling his need to clear his name from criticism. For instance, minorities, primarily blacks, didn’t have the slightest chance in rising to the point to make social change. The slaves were used as economic fuel to ignite the Market Revolution. I think this book did address Andrew Jackson as a genius in promoting change, but lacked in promoting his moral character and I would not recommend it. It seemed to me, Curtis represented him as an American hero more than a dynamic political figure. Andrew Jackson was the result of the troubled lives Americans lived during the Revolutionary period. The emotions of those people were the catalyst in Andrew Jackson’s search for vindication.